Learn / Instruments / The synthesizer
SYNTH
An instrument that makes its sound from electricity, not from a string or a column of air, and lets you shape that sound with knobs.
How it makes a sound
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01
Oscillator
Makes the raw tone. Its speed sets the pitch; its wave shape sets how bright it starts.
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02
Filter
Takes some of it away, shaping the colour. Turn the cutoff down and the sound gets darker.
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03
Amplifier
Sets how loud it is. An envelope opens it when you press a key and closes it after you let go.
- Envelope
Moves a setting once each time a key is pressed, in four stages: attack, decay, sustain, release.
- LFO
A low-frequency oscillator. Moves a setting up and down, over and over, usually too slowly to hear as a note: vibrato, tremolo, a slow filter sweep.
This is subtractive synthesis, the classic analogue layout · others below
Five ways to make a sound
- Lesson soon
Start with a bright, rich wave and filter part of it away.
Subtractive - Lesson soon
One oscillator bends the pitch of another very fast, which adds new overtones.
FM - Lesson soon
Steps or sweeps through a table of stored single-cycle waves.
Wavetable - Lesson soon
Cuts a recording into tiny grains and plays them back, layered and reordered.
Granular - Lesson soon
Not a method but a format: separate modules joined with patch cables, in any order.
Modular
Classic synths · year each was introduced, checked 8 Oct 2026
- Moog Minimoog · 1970Bob Moog Foundation ↗
- Sequential Circuits Prophet-5 · 1978Sequential ↗
- Yamaha DX7 · 1983Yamaha ↗
- Roland Juno-106 · 1984Roland ↗
Synths on the shelf this week
- The latest synth stories from our sources load here.